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The Effect of Local Government’s Elderly Social Assistance on Health Spending of Poor Elderly in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36574/jpp.v7i2.403Keywords:
Elderly Poverty; Health literacy; Curative; Out-of-pocket (OOP); Local Government's Elderly Social Assistance Program; Elderly Social Protection; Propensity Score Matching-Nearest-Neighbors (PSM-NN); preventive; Curative.Abstract
This research examines the effect of the local government's elderly social assistance program on out-of-pocket (OOP) health spending for the poor elderly group in Indonesia. The data used is March 2020 Susenas data using counterfactual analysis. Because the requirement to be able to carry out a counterfactual analysis is that the subjects of the study must have the same/balanced characteristics, the data used is limited to the elderly in the bottom 40 percent of the economic group. Moreover, the randomization technique is also carried out using the Propensity Score Matching-Nearest-Neighbors (PSM-NN) method, namely constructing data with similar characteristics into two groups: the group that received treatment and the group that did not receive treatment. The results of this study indicate that the poor elderly group who receive elderly social assistance from the local government has a higher OOP health spending of 28.3 percent compared to the poor elderly group who do not receive assistance. The high spending on OOP was mainly due to increased spending on curative.
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References
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Austin, P. (2011, 5). An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 46(3), 399-424.
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Bock, J.-O., Matschinger, H., Brenner, H., Wild, B., Haefeli, W., Quinzler, R., . . . König, H.-H. (2014). Inequalities in out-of-pocket payments for health care services among elderly Germans-results of a population-based cross-sectional study. Diambil kembali dari http://www.equityhealthj.com/content/13/1/3
Cheng Qinglu, Asante Augustine, Susilo Dwidjo, Satrya Aryana, Man Nicola, & Fattah A Rifqi. (2022). Equity of health financing in Indonesia_ A 5-year financing incidence analysis (2015–2019) .
Cho, Y., Lee, S., Arozullah, A., & Crittenden, K. (2008, 4). Effects of health literacy on health status and health service utilization amongst the elderly. Social Science and Medicine, 66(8), 1809-1816.
Cunningham, S. (2020). Causal Inference The Mixtape.
Djamhari, E. A., Herni, R., Aqqiyatul, L., Adrian, C., & Darmawan, P. (2020). Kondisi Kesejahteraan Lansia Dan Perlindungan Sosial Lansia Di Indonesia.
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Gazmararian, J., Baker, D., Mark Williams, M., Parker, R., Scott, T., Diane Green, M., . . . Junling Ren Jeffrey Koplan, M. (1999). Health Literacy Among Medicare Enrollees in a Managed Care Organization. Diambil kembali dari https://jamanetwork.com/
Gu, T., Yuan, J., Li, L., Shao, Q., & Zheng, C. (2020, 3). Demand for community-based care services and its influencing factors among the elderly in affordable housing communities: A case study in Nanjing City. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1).
Hardie, N., Kyanko, K., Busch, S., Losasso, A., & Levin, R. (2011). Health literacy and health care spending and utilization in a consumer-driven health plan. Journal of Health Communication, 16(SUPPL. 3), 308-321.
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https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/africa-development-indicators/series/SH.XPD.OOPC.TO.ZS#:~:text=Out%20of%20pocket%20expenditure%20is,of%20the%20health%20status%20of
Jalali, F., Bikineh, P., & Delavari, S. (2021, 12). Strategies for reducing out-of-pocket payments in the health system: a scoping review. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation, 19(1).
Katchova, A. (2013). Propensity Score Matching.
Kesehatan, K. (2019). National Health Accounts Indonesia 2019.
Kidd, S., Bjorn, G., Rahayu, K. S., Larasati, D., Yuda, K., Siyaranamuai, M., & Geldes, J. (2019). Perlindungan Sosial bagi Penduduk Lanjut Usia di Indonesia.
Kim, J., & Richardson, V. (2014, 11). The Impact of Poverty, Chronic Illnesses, and Health Insurance Status on Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditures in Later Life. Social Work in Health Care, 53(10), 932-949.
Kwan, C., & Walsh, C. (2018, 1). Old age poverty: A scoping review of the literature. Cogent Social Sciences, 4(1), 1-21.
Mei, W., Hsu, C., & Ou, S. (2020, 4). Research on Evaluation Indexes and Weights of the Aging-Friendly Community Public Environment under the Community Home-Based Pension Model. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(8).
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Orimo, H., Ito, H., Suzuki, T., Araki, A., Hosoi, T., & Sawabe, M. (2006, 9). Reviewing the definition of "elderly". Geriatrics and Gerontology International, 6(3), 149-158.
Pindyck, R. S., & Rubinfeld, D. L. (2018). Microeconomics Ninth Edition.
Priebe, J. (2017, 11). Old-age Poverty in Indonesia: Measurement Issues and Living Arrangements. Development and Change, 48(6), 1362-1385.
Priebe, J., & Howell, F. (2014). Old Age Poverty in Indonesia Empirical Evidence and Policy Options: A Role for Social Pensions. Retrieved from www.tnp2k.go.id
Qinglu Cheng, AsanteAugustine, Susilo Dwidjo, SatryaAryana, ManNicola, Fattah Rifqih Abdul, . . . Wiseman Virginia. (2022). Equity of health financing in Indonesia_ A 5-year financing incidence analysis (2015–2019).
Rachmani, E., Hsu, C., Nurjanah, N., Chang, P., Shidik, G., Noersasongko, E., . . . Lin, M. (2019, 12). Developing an Indonesia's health literacy short-form survey questionnaire (HLS-EU-SQ10-IDN) using the feature selection and genetic algorithm. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 182.
Rahayu, S. K., Indriani, K., & Larasati, D. (2020). Situasi Lansia di Indonesia dan Akses terhadap Program Perlindungan Sosial: Analisis Data Sekunder.
Ramesh, M. (2014). Social Protection in Indonesia and the Philippines: Work in Progress. Source: Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 31(1), 40-56.
Rosenbaum, P., & Rubin, D. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Diambil kembali dari https://academic.oup.com/biomet/article/70/1/41/240879
Schoen, C., Osborn, R., Squires, D., Doty, M., Pierson, R., & Applebaum, S. (2010, 12). How health insurance design affects access to care and costs, by income, in eleven countries. Health Affairs, 29(12), 2334-2323.
Scott, C. (2018). Causal Inference The Mixtape.
Short, K. (2011). The Research SUPPLEMENTAL POVERTY MEASURE: 2010 Consumer Income Current Population Reports. Diambil kembali dari www.bls.gov/cex
Sparrow, R., Suryahadi, A., & Widyanti, W. (2013, 11). Social health insurance for the poor: Targeting and impact of Indonesia's Askeskin program. Social Science and Medicine, 96, 264-271.
Srivastava, A., & Mohanty, S. (2012). Poverty Among Elderly in India. Indicators Research, 109(3), 493-514. Diambil kembali dari https://about.jstor.org/terms
Stuart, E., Huskamp, H., Duckworth, K., Simmons, J., Song, Z., Chernew, M., & Barry, C. (2015). Author manuscript; available in PMC. Author Manuscript Health Serv Outcomes Res Methodol, 14(4), 166-182.
Susilowati, E. (2021). Pelayanan Lanjut Usia Berbasis Masyarakat Di Indonesia Pengaruh Anak Belajar di Rumah dengan Tingkat Stress Orang Tua View project Inovasi Praktek Pekerja Sosial Dalam Pelayanan Sosial Anak Pada Masa Covid-19 Di Indonesia . Diambil kembali dari https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354059453
TNP2K, Australian, G., & SMERU. (2020). Situasi Lansia di Indonesia dan Akses terhadap Program Perlindungan Sosial: Analisis Data Sekunder.
White, S., Chen, J., & Atchison, R. (2008). Relationship of Preventive Health Practices and Health Literacy: A National Study. 32(3), 227-242.
Wiltshire, J., Roberts, V., Brown, R., & Sarto, G. (2009, 4). The effects of socioeconomic status on participation in care among middle-aged and older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 21(2), 314-335.
Yanovitzky, I., Zanutto, E., & Hornik, R. (2005, 5). Estimating causal effects of public health education campaigns using propensity score methodology. Evaluation and Program Planning, 28(2), 209-220.
Aji, B., Allegari, M., souares, A., & sauerborn, R. (2013). The Impact of Health Insurance Programs on Out-of-Pocket Expenditures in Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Research of Public Health.
Amalia Aisyah. (2017). Analisis Propensity Score Matching Menggunakan Regresi Logistik Pada Kasus Kejadian Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 .
Atkinson, A. B. (1987). On the Measurement of Poverty. Econometrica, 55(4), 749-764.
Austin, P. (2011, 5). An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 46(3), 399-424.
Baird, K. (2016, 8). High Out-of-Pocket Medical Spending among the Poor and Elderly in Nine Developed Countries. Health Services Research, 51(4), 1467-1488.
Bock, J.-O., Matschinger, H., Brenner, H., Wild, B., Haefeli, W., Quinzler, R., . . . König, H.-H. (2014). Inequalities in out-of-pocket payments for health care services among elderly Germans-results of a population-based cross-sectional study. Diambil kembali dari http://www.equityhealthj.com/content/13/1/3
Cheng Qinglu, Asante Augustine, Susilo Dwidjo, Satrya Aryana, Man Nicola, & Fattah A Rifqi. (2022). Equity of health financing in Indonesia_ A 5-year financing incidence analysis (2015–2019) .
Cho, Y., Lee, S., Arozullah, A., & Crittenden, K. (2008, 4). Effects of health literacy on health status and health service utilization amongst the elderly. Social Science and Medicine, 66(8), 1809-1816.
Cunningham, S. (2020). Causal Inference The Mixtape.
Djamhari, E. A., Herni, R., Aqqiyatul, L., Adrian, C., & Darmawan, P. (2020). Kondisi Kesejahteraan Lansia Dan Perlindungan Sosial Lansia Di Indonesia.
Fu, Y., He, C., & Luo, L. (2021, 3). Does the low-carbon city policy make a difference? Empirical evidence of the pilot scheme in China with DEA and PSM-DID. Ecological Indicators, 122.
Gazmararian, J., Baker, D., Mark Williams, M., Parker, R., Scott, T., Diane Green, M., . . . Junling Ren Jeffrey Koplan, M. (1999). Health Literacy Among Medicare Enrollees in a Managed Care Organization. Diambil kembali dari https://jamanetwork.com/
Gu, T., Yuan, J., Li, L., Shao, Q., & Zheng, C. (2020, 3). Demand for community-based care services and its influencing factors among the elderly in affordable housing communities: A case study in Nanjing City. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1).
Hardie, N., Kyanko, K., Busch, S., Losasso, A., & Levin, R. (2011). Health literacy and health care spending and utilization in a consumer-driven health plan. Journal of Health Communication, 16(SUPPL. 3), 308-321.
Howard, D., Gazmararian, J., & Parker, R. (2005). The impact of low health literacy on the medical costs of Medicare managed care enrollees. American Journal of Medicine, 118(4), 371-377.
https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/africa-development-indicators/series/SH.XPD.OOPC.TO.ZS#:~:text=Out%20of%20pocket%20expenditure%20is,of%20the%20health%20status%20of
Jalali, F., Bikineh, P., & Delavari, S. (2021, 12). Strategies for reducing out-of-pocket payments in the health system: a scoping review. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation, 19(1).
Katchova, A. (2013). Propensity Score Matching.
Kesehatan, K. (2019). National Health Accounts Indonesia 2019.
Kidd, S., Bjorn, G., Rahayu, K. S., Larasati, D., Yuda, K., Siyaranamuai, M., & Geldes, J. (2019). Perlindungan Sosial bagi Penduduk Lanjut Usia di Indonesia.
Kim, J., & Richardson, V. (2014, 11). The Impact of Poverty, Chronic Illnesses, and Health Insurance Status on Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditures in Later Life. Social Work in Health Care, 53(10), 932-949.
Kwan, C., & Walsh, C. (2018, 1). Old age poverty: A scoping review of the literature. Cogent Social Sciences, 4(1), 1-21.
Mei, W., Hsu, C., & Ou, S. (2020, 4). Research on Evaluation Indexes and Weights of the Aging-Friendly Community Public Environment under the Community Home-Based Pension Model. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(8).
Nathan, A. (2020). Melampaui Jaminan Sosial ‘Targeted’ dan Membangun Jaminan Sosial Universal di Indonesia – Islam Bergerak.
Nations, U. (2019). World Population Ageing 2019: Highlights.
Orimo, H., Ito, H., Suzuki, T., Araki, A., Hosoi, T., & Sawabe, M. (2006, 9). Reviewing the definition of "elderly". Geriatrics and Gerontology International, 6(3), 149-158.
Pindyck, R. S., & Rubinfeld, D. L. (2018). Microeconomics Ninth Edition.
Priebe, J. (2017, 11). Old-age Poverty in Indonesia: Measurement Issues and Living Arrangements. Development and Change, 48(6), 1362-1385.
Priebe, J., & Howell, F. (2014). Old Age Poverty in Indonesia Empirical Evidence and Policy Options: A Role for Social Pensions. Retrieved from www.tnp2k.go.id
Qinglu Cheng, AsanteAugustine, Susilo Dwidjo, SatryaAryana, ManNicola, Fattah Rifqih Abdul, . . . Wiseman Virginia. (2022). Equity of health financing in Indonesia_ A 5-year financing incidence analysis (2015–2019).
Rachmani, E., Hsu, C., Nurjanah, N., Chang, P., Shidik, G., Noersasongko, E., . . . Lin, M. (2019, 12). Developing an Indonesia's health literacy short-form survey questionnaire (HLS-EU-SQ10-IDN) using the feature selection and genetic algorithm. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 182.
Rahayu, S. K., Indriani, K., & Larasati, D. (2020). Situasi Lansia di Indonesia dan Akses terhadap Program Perlindungan Sosial: Analisis Data Sekunder.
Ramesh, M. (2014). Social Protection in Indonesia and the Philippines: Work in Progress. Source: Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 31(1), 40-56.
Rosenbaum, P., & Rubin, D. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Diambil kembali dari https://academic.oup.com/biomet/article/70/1/41/240879
Schoen, C., Osborn, R., Squires, D., Doty, M., Pierson, R., & Applebaum, S. (2010, 12). How health insurance design affects access to care and costs, by income, in eleven countries. Health Affairs, 29(12), 2334-2323.
Scott, C. (2018). Causal Inference The Mixtape.
Short, K. (2011). The Research SUPPLEMENTAL POVERTY MEASURE: 2010 Consumer Income Current Population Reports. Diambil kembali dari www.bls.gov/cex
Sparrow, R., Suryahadi, A., & Widyanti, W. (2013, 11). Social health insurance for the poor: Targeting and impact of Indonesia's Askeskin program. Social Science and Medicine, 96, 264-271.
Srivastava, A., & Mohanty, S. (2012). Poverty Among Elderly in India. Indicators Research, 109(3), 493-514. Diambil kembali dari https://about.jstor.org/terms
Stuart, E., Huskamp, H., Duckworth, K., Simmons, J., Song, Z., Chernew, M., & Barry, C. (2015). Author manuscript; available in PMC. Author Manuscript Health Serv Outcomes Res Methodol, 14(4), 166-182.
Susilowati, E. (2021). Pelayanan Lanjut Usia Berbasis Masyarakat Di Indonesia Pengaruh Anak Belajar di Rumah dengan Tingkat Stress Orang Tua View project Inovasi Praktek Pekerja Sosial Dalam Pelayanan Sosial Anak Pada Masa Covid-19 Di Indonesia . Diambil kembali dari https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354059453
TNP2K, Australian, G., & SMERU. (2020). Situasi Lansia di Indonesia dan Akses terhadap Program Perlindungan Sosial: Analisis Data Sekunder.
White, S., Chen, J., & Atchison, R. (2008). Relationship of Preventive Health Practices and Health Literacy: A National Study. 32(3), 227-242.
Wiltshire, J., Roberts, V., Brown, R., & Sarto, G. (2009, 4). The effects of socioeconomic status on participation in care among middle-aged and older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 21(2), 314-335.
Yanovitzky, I., Zanutto, E., & Hornik, R. (2005, 5). Estimating causal effects of public health education campaigns using propensity score methodology. Evaluation and Program Planning, 28(2), 209-220.
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2023-08-31
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Luthfi, N. A. L., & Hanri, M. (2023). The Effect of Local Government’s Elderly Social Assistance on Health Spending of Poor Elderly in Indonesia. Jurnal Perencanaan Pembangunan: The Indonesian Journal of Development Planning, 7(2), 299–312. https://doi.org/10.36574/jpp.v7i2.403
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